Why and how do writers of English Literary and playful texts “break the rules of” English Free Essays

Subsequent to having characterized the terms â€Å"playful and literary†, I will at that point take a gander at foregrounding and the characterization of the English Language. At that point rhyme, mood and repletion would be inspected trailed by how authors defy syntactic guidelines to show perspective. This will be trailed by scholarly utilization of the illustration, collocation and iconicity. We will compose a custom article test on Why and how do journalists of English Literary and fun loving writings â€Å"break the guidelines of† English? or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now At that point I will analyze perky content comparable to spray painting, papers and promoting. Scholarly and lively use of language is not the same as that of ordinary language in that it causes to notice the language itself. Scholars accomplish this by being innovative, unique and creative. In addition, by â€Å"skilfully controlling language to make examples and usage† to communicate thoughts, which draws the perusers giving them a unique understanding into the universe of the author. (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 198) Writers of artistic and energetic content use language to cause to notice it by method of astounding the peruser into a unique impression of the language and the topic. This as per the Russian formalists is foregrounding (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 163). Foregrounding is accomplished, by disrupting the norms of language, that is sound, punctuation and importance to put the peruser in the content. In this way, the peruser is astounded into seeing the picture, hearing the sounds and feeling the feelings. The English Language is characterized by the manner in which words are masterminded in arrangement and it is alluded to as a subject action word item or SVO language. This is on the grounds that the subject consistently precedes the action word and the article that is being alluded to follows the action word. (Graddol etal. , 1994, p. 5) Looking first at rhyme, musicality and reiteration in scholarly utilization, authors particularly writers utilize this as a type of foregrounding. They use rhyme, musicality and reiteration in to mention unique objective facts. As in William Blake’s sonnet â€Å"The Tyger†, one can see that there is an end rhyme with the primary line rhyming with the second, and the third with the fourth in an aabb design. This isn't something is basic in typical discourse or text. In this manner, Blake, while following the convention of composing verse in end rhymes is disrupting the norms of English. Blake does this since he isn't just foregrounding the even example of the refrain in its aabb rhymes design, however he is likewise featuring the eye balance of the content. This is done in the first and last verse where the two refrains are even separated from single word. Along these lines, there is a feeling of conclusion and we comprehend that we have shown up at an end, but since of the aabb design, there is additionally progression and the possibility of the hover of life. Blake additionally utilizes mood, with each line comprising of four substituting pushed and unstressed words, is utilized to accentuation the beat of the track of the Tyger as well as the rhythmical beating of the mallet on the iron block. The maker of the Tyger and the maker of the sonnet additionally use reiteration and similar sounding word usage to frontal area the balance of the plan. (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 165) Authors likewise use rule breaking to frontal area their characters manners of thinking. William Faulkner In his novel â€Å"The Sound and the Fury† controls the language and amazements the perusers into the perspective of the storyteller Benjy, who thinks and voices his considerations, as would a youngster. He accomplishes this progression of manner of thinking by overlooking the article after the action word. Along these lines, the peruser is awkward with the language, which is restricted, appearing and making a feeling of inadequacy. This is actually what Faulkner is focusing on, in light of the fact that Benjy in spite of the fact that being thirty-three, is inadequate and displays the idea and language process that of a youngster. Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 167) The Charles Dickens likewise disrupts the guidelines overseeing the syntactic connection between words. In his novel The Bleak House Dickens doesn't, utilize the action word â€Å"is† after the subject, which is the haze and the item, which is all over the place and everything. By doing this, he closer views the peruser into a creative standpoint and the peruser gets the feeling that there is no getting away from the mist; it is all intrusive attacking the open country, the social, social and world of politics. (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 167) Another particular component of artistic utilization is the similitude and collocation. Illustrations are correlations that are not made express. They misuse the implications of words and â€Å"are slipped into â€Å"the sentence (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 165). The standards of English are broken by the allegory by playing on the different implications of a word and the paradigmatic relationship of a word. As in the utilization of â€Å"burning† and â€Å"burnt† in Blake’s The Tyger the words not just allude to the eyes of the Tyger yet additionally to the heater and the stars when skewered are likewise consuming too such a degree, that they water the paradise with their tears. Collocation alludes to the joining inclinations of words† (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 169) that is, the relationship words have with one another, the implications that are related with words and in the setting that they are typically utilized. At the point when this standard is broken, the essayists can use our feeling of word collocation to closer view â€Å"unusual and striking relationship of meaning† (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 169). In Carol Ann Duffy’s sonnet ‘Litany’ illustrations and collocation is utilized when she composes â€Å"The horrible relationships snapped cellophane round polyester shirts†. Relationships don't pop. The word pop is normally connected with dry lifeless things; it is this affiliation, which astonishes the peruser into taking a gander at the marriage in another light. The analogy of the cellophane and polyester shirts proceed with this subject of lifelessness, dead and dormant instead of the marriage being alive and flourishing. Collocation is likewise connected with perky use of English as in Punning. This happens when the various implications of the words are misused, as in â€Å"My Children! My Africa! Here the Playwright plays on the word ‘riot’ to accentuation the distinction in culture and investigates the distinction in importance related to a word by contrasting social gatherings. (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 171) Another component of scholarly utilization is the notorious â€Å"where the sounds and states of words and expressions impersonate specific items or process† (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 172) journalists utilize this gadget all together for the peruser to encounter and hear the sounds being depicted. Wordsworth in ‘The Prelude’ utilizes it to call upon the straightforward youth delight of making oneself woozy. He does this by having a long sentence where the subject and action word happen late in the entry. This accomplishes the impact of hurrying and turning to an unexpected stop. Furthermore, one can nearly envision that despite the fact that we have halted the â€Å"solitary bluffs Wheeled by†¦ the earth rolled†¦ † (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 172) e cummings utilizes this method in his sonnet I (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 202) He depends on the special visualization of the sonnet to accentuation the falling of one leaf and its unity. Fun loving content additionally utilizes language to cause to notice it this is accomplished, by disrupting the guidelines of language, that is sound, syntax and importance Just like in abstract use. Spray painting in spite of the fact that viewed as being solitary and unlawful is a region where English is utilized in a fun loving and engaging approach to feature a specific remark on social issues or offer voice to those sub bunches that have been denied access to standard. In view of the very idea of spray painting, it will in general be short and compact. The Graffiti â€Å"Glory to God in the High St† (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 10) by erasing a solitary letter from the angel’s message to the Shepard’s, the spray painting ridicules the first Christmas message and mirrors the commercialization of Christmas. This is accomplished by playing on the sounds and the importance of the two words Highest and High St. A case of notorious spray painting that is a point of view would be â€Å"Dsylexia rules KO† The mainstream press additionally use jokes and word play in their features e. g. â€Å"Belly Nice (model Naomi Campbell with exposed stomach), Wedding Prez (President Clinton surprisingly goes to a wedding)† (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 17). They by prudence of being newspaper papers need to catch the readers’ consideration rapidly and have the option to communicate in a short title text the idea of the article. Consequently, by utilizing features like â€Å"Belly Nice† they play on the expression â€Å"very nice† in alluding to the exposed stomach and partner it to her second name Campbell. Another region that defies the norms of English in a fun loving manner is publicizing. Promoting utilizes all the abstract methods of foregrounding to sell the item, picture or thought. In the PO commercial, the content is straightforward; it has rhyme, mood and reiteration, and appears from the outset to be a basic, child’s first peruser. In any case, each line doesn't have the article. It is just toward the end that one understands that the final word is the object of the past lines. In end in the wake of having taken a gander at the different particular highlights of artistic and lively use of text one can see that scholars, artists, spray painting authors, writer and the publicists use and disrupt the norms of English to frontal area there thoughts in an inventive, unique and innovative way. Step by step instructions to refer to Why and how do journalists of English Literary and energetic writings â€Å"break the principles of† English?, Papers

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and Walt Disney Company Free Essays

In associations where there is by all accounts an expanding center around dishonest conduct inside open organizations from ranking directors, it is indispensable that associations set up approaches and procedures to guarantee that it is following the principles and guidelines set up by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Walt Disney Company can meet its detailing necessities for the Security and Exchange Commission by utilizing the accompanying assets. The accessibility of innovation, inside divulgence controls, inner powers over money related detailing, and autonomous bookkeeping examiners who confirm that these controls are set up and filling in as expected. We will compose a custom exposition test on U.S. Protections and Exchange Commission and Walt Disney Company or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now The SEC necessitates that Disney posts every single Interactive Datum Files. These records are required to be submitted and presented compatible on Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the previous a year. Review the Investor Relations tab of The Walt Disney Company corporate site shows that authentic SEC filings are recorded by classification for an assortment of required reports, including structures 10-K, 10-Q, 8-K, 11-K, S-8, 425, S-4, and intermediary articulations. Disney utilizes interior divulgence controls by their arrangement that every single SEC recording be marked by a senior individual from the administration. These individuals are President, CFO, Managing VP and Internal Counsel guarantees that the filings are right, consent to detailing prerequisites, and are conveyed to different partners in the administration of Disney. These are Board of Directors and other Senior Members of the supervisory group. In a time where CEOs and CFOs are constantly being called before US Congress to affirm on the budgetary circumstance inside their organizations, this strategy adds a layer of responsibility to senior administration. Inside Controls over Financial Reporting. Organization the board unequivocally recognizes their responsibility for having the option to make exact, dependable, adequately point by point, and opportune outer budgetary reports Independent Accounting Auditors. Disney utilizes PricewaterhouseCoopers as an autonomous evaluating firm to give an outsider examination of their inward powers over money related detailing. What's more, PricewaterhouseCoopers’ own report to the Board of Directors and Shareholders of The Walt Disney Company is remembered for the Annual Report and examines the procedure by which Disney’s inward powers over money related revealing are tried and reviewed to give a sensible degree of confirmation that the controls are working and that outer budgetary reports are being accounted for dependent on sound accounting standards as required by U. S. Law. By following the entirety of the strategies that Disney has instituted they can be certain that they are obse rving the SEC principles and guidelines. Step by step instructions to refer to U.S. Protections and Exchange Commission and Walt Disney Company, Papers

buy custom Multimedia in Science Mathematics Education essay

purchase custom Multimedia in Science Mathematics Education article What is Multimedia? Media by and large alludes to a PC based intelligent procedure of correspondence. The utilization of interactive media in instruction gives assortment as well as dynamism and simple foundation of affinity through coordinated effort. In any case, above all, mixed media use is non-straight, that is, takes into account the utilization of various mixed media instruments and different types of correspondence, for example, sounds, writings, movement, designs, pictures and video. This is the integrative part of interactive media. This encourages the consolidation of chose subjects and visual representations in various organizations like diagrams and activitys utilizing sight and sound instruments. The Best Multimedia and Technology Use in Classrooms A ton of understudies despite everything discover trouble in learning math and science. The decrease in the quantities of school graduates in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) teaches in the US, for example, is halfway ascribed to the powerless execution of the US kids in universal evaluation of science and math (Thiel et al, 2008). While individual inclination can be a piece of the issue, it is additionally because of deficient or poor instructing learning condition. One answer for this is the utilization of intuitive and successful mixed media programming. As instruction develops, various investigates have been done, connecting the human intellectual procedure with the utilization of interactive media so as to improve execution in these subjects. It is viewed as significant that individual learning qualities be contemplated if each understudy is to be gained information. Sadly, because of large study halls, high number of understudies, constrained instructor time, this is normally troublesome. To take care of this issue, it has been contended that intelligent sight and sound can encourage individualized guidelines to understudies, and can enable the individuals who to think that its difficult to learn by regular methods. This has successfully been utilized to show different subjects, including arithmetic. The exhibition of learning is impacted by the collaboration between ones subjective style and the instructional materials utilized, including the substance type and method of introduction. Receiving techniques which suit the understudies explicit learning styles enables the understudies to obtain an inspirational mentality toward the showed subject, along these lines improving execution (Burke and Dunn, 2003; Ford and Chen, 2001). The accomplishment of an instructor is estimated by his/her capacity to connect with the understudies in the learning procedure in a way that energizes and urges them to be interested for learning. At the point when understudies take dynamic part in developing new thoughts from their encounters, translations and communications with instructors and companions they effectively gain master comprehension of ideas of arithmetic and science. In spite of the fact that it is difficult to pinpoint a specific sight and sound and innovation as the best for showing Mathematics and Science, as these instruments do supplement one another, the key characteristic(s) of the apparatuses utilized must be their capacity to encourage intuitive learning. This includes venture based getting the hang of (giving inside and out knowledge into arithmetic and science and encourages basic reasoning); tackling true issues (encourages insightful preparing of data for discovering answers for issues through discrepant occasions/tests and contextual analyses in math). In Mathematics, a portion of this intelligent sight and sound incorporates application bundles, for example, web crawlers (web), word handling bundles, introduction programming, spreadsheets, drill-and-practice programming. Different projects, for example, reenactment programs, Java applets, and so forth. In science, proposals incorporate the utilization of innovation instruments, for example, models of logical procedures, for example, protein collapsing, reenactments and virtual labs, video conferencing, email and other community oriented devices. A portion of these integrative mixed media and innovation incorporate; a) Podcasting. Today, understudies day by day use Podcast instruments: advanced mobile phones, ipods, and so on. Incorporating these apparatuses in instructing math and science will encourage utilizing advanced gadgets for portable as well as understudy learning. b) Online devices. These devices give incredible points of interest to math and science instructors as they help the understudies get and further their insight through Web 2.0 apparatuses. They encourage learning by and cooperation between understudies through language aptitudes, asking, researching, estimating, conjecturing and endeavors to clarify discoveries. c) Modeling and Simulations apparatuses. These encourage seeing true procedures and invigorate further understanding. These incorporate; I. MathMol (for sub-atomic demonstrating). ii. YASARA (a windows program for reenactment and demonstrating, atomic illustrations). d) Interactive whiteboard are compact, simple to introduce, and can chip away at truly any level surface. This encourages simple refreshing and usage of existing gear at low expenses. Educator Competencies The way to aiding and controlling understudies through appropriate procurement of innovation information is the homeroom instructor. The instructor builds up the correct study hall setting and readies the open doors that encourage the understudies use of innovation in learning, just as conveying (UNESCO, 2008). It is in this manner of key significance that the study hall educators are decidedly ready and outfitted with the aptitudes through which to give the correct chances to their understudies. In 2008, the United Nations Educational, Science and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) distributed ICT Competency Standards for Teachers. In this distribution, UNESCO tried to give a working educational program system. This structure set out to; an) Address the fundamental Policy Framework, (UNESCO, 2008) b) Examine instructive change parts. c) Develop a grid of aptitude modules for educators which relate to different methodologies of arrangement and parts of instruction change, (UNESCO, 2008). d) Describe in detail the particular abilities that instructors would be expected to procure inside every expertise module. The Curriculum Framework This structure is partitioned into three principle levels of instruction change, which depend on the improvement of human limit: innovation education, extending of information and the making of information. Every one of these levels is examined under the six significant parts of a sound instructive framework: approach, instructional method, educational program, association, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and educator preparing (UNESCO, 2008). a) Technology Literacy. Instructors must have fundamental advanced proficiency aptitudes and have the option to choose and properly utilize instructive instructional exercises, drill-and-practice, web substance and games in PC labs or with just restricted study hall assets so as to supplement the goals of standard educational program, ways to deal with evaluation, unit designs and deducting techniques for instructing, (UNESCO, 2008). The instructors should likewise know about the strategy destinations and objectives of innovation proficiency. They ought to thusly have the option to recognize the relating parts of training change arrangements/programs. b) Knowledge Deepening. Here, educators are relied upon to have the option to oversee data, to structure critical thinking assignments, and coordinate programming devices and subject-explicit errands by utilizing understudy focused techniques for instructing and tasks in which understudies work together so as to encourage their top to bottom comprehension of guideline ideas and applications to taking care of true issues. (UNESCO, 2008). c) Knowledge Creation. The reason for this approach is to build profitability by giving innovation information to understudies, and eventually a workforce that is ceaselessly occupied with creation and development of information from which they all can profit. Educators should take the main walks by making/structuring new ICT-based assets for learning; to encourage information creation and aptitudes for basic speculation by planning suitable and significant study hall exercises that encourage the accomplishment of these objectives. Instances of Best Practices Best practices allude to the sight and sound activities embraced by people in arithmetic, science or innovative fields that upgrade great virtues to the people rehearsing them. For this situation, we inspect two significant instances of best practices that are uncommon to both arithmetic and science fields. These incorporate the innovation and numerous insights utilized in intelligent or arithmetic. Innovation and Multiple Intelligence utilized in Logical or Mathematics The number brilliant people get the hang of utilizing numbers, thinking and critical thinking. Through the usage of mixed media in various Intelligence, the understudies and others can build up and work visuals and create mental pictures from numerous points of view. The innovation required now is the utilization of PCs and recordings (Burke and Dunn, 2003; Ford and Chen, 2001). Along these lines, the understudies can quantify, weight, compute and compose information in scientific issues. The numerous knowledge through the impact of interactive media, in this, the PC, offers the understudies the chance to create or work information they find in the web. This likewise applies when these understudies are furnished with the camcorder to record their logical trial (David, - 2011). This is a case of the best practice in science field that elevates great qualities to the understudies since it makes the understudies to appreciate what they are doing particularly in information assortment, c ompleting trials and taking care of issues. Using PCs as a mixed media practice, the understudies are make, databases, spreadsheets, outlines, and progressively other information association and venture estimations that are a commitment to a gathering. The accompanying outline shows an understudy utilizing PCs to take care of scientific issue. Through this training, the understudies enjoy critical thinking, anticipating, estimating, testing, p

Information Technology In Marketing Of Tourist Destination Tourism Essays

Data Technology In Marketing Of Tourist Destination Tourism Essays Data Technology In Marketing Of Tourist Destination Tourism Essay Data Technology In Marketing Of Tourist Destination Tourism Essay subsystem of concern affiliations and Chamberss, a subsystem of the masses area ( region governments liable for touristry, national, provincial and neighborhood touristry associations, tourer data focuses, and so forth ) a subsystem of tourers ( buyers ) , a subsystem of tenants ( both in light of the significance of their demeanor towards tourers each piece great as client of similar establishments and administrations ) , each piece great as related administrations subsystem ( manage administration, instructive foundations and so on. ) . The travel industry is an action that includes movement and remain of individuals in such topographic focuses that are non topographic purposes of their enduring home. They visited different states, religions, settlements, and this is called by a name aa‚â ¬ a tourer finish. Since there is no topographic point on Earth, which sightseers do non see, it ought to be underscored that, with regards to present day touristry, a topographic point can go a completion just as an outcome of two arrangements of related exercises: the advancement of establishments intended for run intoing the requests of tourers who visit the completion and the being of the get done with selling exercises, for example, the tourers offers in topographic focuses where it is required. Selling in touristry is heading principle by which holders of tourer and concern approaches will in general make and keep the imprint gathering of tourers through the assignment and ( efficacious and productive ) looking to run into their requests, and on that balance to achieve their hierarchical closures and cultural inclusion. Today in the universal touristry, states, parts and metropoliss are viing as a completion, non just organizations. Selling of stocks of touristry finishs can non be left only to the undertakings since they are non typically competent to back up autonomously, monetarily or in any case such endeavors. For this ground it is important that such exercises are finished by Tourist arrangement holders, and grouped area natural structures which are liable for touristry (, for example, open segment ) . Be that as it may, we ought to non underestimate the capacity and significance of the varying endeavors of the private part. The advancement of mass touristry has compromised and somewhere harmed non simply common yet alongside grown-up male s whole condition. It is important to take into history the since quite a while ago run associations of society ( Internet Explorer, finish ) and proceed with the earth ( common, socio-social and other ) so the tourer finish would non go a casualty of its ain turn of events. Consequently, the utilization of selling in touristry expect the assurance of develop of socially dependable selling. Selling in touristry, as a rule, has a figure of explicit inside informations that are identified with touristry as a movement. These are: immaterialness of administrations, their association with the individuals who give them, changeability of value, the inconceivability of their stockpiling, significant clasp separation between the assurance to purchase and ain ingestion, regularly feeble certainty to the exchange name, concentrating request to offer, occasional convergence of interest, its heterogeneousness and flexibleness, heterogeneousness and inelasticity each piece great as high peril in buying their product. It ought to be said that other than the army qualities of selling in touristry by and large, a tourer finish conveys additional points of interest that emerge from the accompanying highlights: Tourist finish, independent of physical screens, typically has a multifunctional character ; spacial inclusion tourer finish, that is seen by tourers, every now and again varies from the 1 that is seen by the completion governments ; It might go on that a few arrangements of points of open and private segments do non cover or that they are in battle ; the completion technique for using the product contrasts well from the use of any product or administrations, and in the end, the individuals who deal with the completion ( which is the open part ) , have little or no influence over the varying components of the tourer finish. Explicit administrations incorporate selling and use of explicit selling builds, other than the one identified with the four selling blend instrument. It is about inward selling and synergistic selling. Get done with selling associations ( DMO ) can actualize inside selling on three degrees: the miniaturized scale degree, Internet Explorer. inside the DMO, where the central imprint crowd is the powers utilized in the DMO, so at the level of tourer movement, where the imprint is the representatives in the ventures of touristry and in the end toward the completion all in all, where the imprint crowd is the inhabitants. Discussing synergistic selling chances the execution of these exercises is littler than in the occasion of interior selling. It is critical for the selling of a tourer finish to keep and better the dealingss with tourers that are typically dedicated towards mentalities and practices of administration providers. Synergistic selling has its topographic point in the circle of touristry data focuses and checkpoints, through unchanging contact, by providing data, help and in treating infirmities. 2. Data TECHNOLOGY IN DESTINATION Selling Data designing, without anyone else, can non be a start of suffering competitory favorable position of tourer finish. It might loan scarcely to the competitory bit of leeway through its effect on meat uping the microeconomic balance of battle which comprises of HR, physical base, authoritative base, data foundation, logical and innovative base, created residential market and rivalry, complex and requesting appeal. In the selling of tourer finishs, its application is found in a major figure of data engineerings: teletext, videotext, data corners, registering machine save frameworks, planetary dissemination frameworks, complete the process of selling frameworks, databases, skilled frameworks and the Internet. 2.1. Teletext Teletext is a designing of single direction communicated data through continuous transmittal of gatherings of data in rhythms from one focus, alongside communicated broadcasting signals. The idea of this advancement was protected in mid 1970ss in the UK, and the idea was to free the lines of Television signal which were non utilized for transmittal of picture signals and to asseverate an extra computerized signal. The computerized signal conveys the data introduced in the signifier of numbered pages, which can demo content and pictures. Decoded data so as to be perused on screen requires Television with decipherer. Pages of data are communicated in rhythms, and the client, with the guide of the console, select the desired page. The impediment of Teletext, in this regard lies in the way that it must hold up until the pined for page shows up in the communicate musicality. This restricts the limit of a few hundred pages which implies that the decision and expound data are constrained. For the aims of the tourer business, the spot data framework, can gracefully refreshed data, for example, conditions forcast, traffic conditions on streets, clasp of proceeding to reach of airplane and trains and so forth.. Other than this, there is the likelihood to do a buy, for delineation, which intends to buy the heap of tourer understandings and to buy for it by the telephone with the acknowledgment card. This is unconventionally appropriate for the heap of understandings that are unsold simply before the beginning of movement. 2.2. Videotext Videotext is an electronic framework for coordinating data and messages that permits bipartisan conveying, typically by phone, with the data appeared in the signifier of content or works of art on a custom Television or some other terminal, for example, individualized computing machines. Videotext administrations are utilized both in private and in concern plans. A portion of the data can be gotten by means of videotext administrations include: insight and conditions, planning or guidance at place, tourer data, list deal. Other than this, videotext can be utilized to execute the hold of tickets, movie, arranged calculations ( eg calculation of contribution ) , so to coordinate messages between clients. Videotext can be publically available or private, or limited to private clients ( affirmed shut client bunch ) . Openly accessible videotext was created in numerous states. Travel departments, particularly in the UK, every now and again use videotext. Subsequently, the British rider operators, through any of the bing videotext framework, can secure data about going and appearance times, and money related estimations of all significant air and ship organizations, and fiscal qualities on the vehicle rental administrations, the remaining topographic focuses in sanction flights and the staying pack data on visas, swapping scale and so on.. Videotext in the touristry business is unquestionably more used to procuring data rather than booking. With regards to regular travel ( relaxation travel ) especially the pack in the UK, in many cases, these stocks can be reserved online completely through videotext. On the different manus, in Germany, for outline, circuit administrators in this regard are less prohibitive, and through videotext book only a couple for each centum of the pack understanding. Booking administrations for concern voyagers, for the most bit utilize the automated hold frameworks, air hoses and framework START Amadeus. France is the solitary state in Europe ( and known to mankind ) with the expansive use of videotext framework in concern and private aims, with lt ; lt ; Minitel gt ; gt ; gadget in 1000000s of workplaces and spots. A review accomplished for the Gallic national media communications organization and the Ministry of Tourism in 1991, has indicated that the utilization of lt ; lt ; Minitel gt ; gt ; for roll uping data on touristry administrations among its customers is popu

Public Relations Plan for Merger and Acquisition Essay

Advertising Plan for Merger and Acquisition - Essay Example Moreover, a business may gain another with the goal that it extends its inclusion of a given market, giving it a serious edge over its rivals. Other than empowering a business to keep up and grow its hold on its clients or markets, mergers and acquisitions help organizations to wander into new areas, in this manner expanding efficiency and productivity. In spite of the fact that they are firmly related terms, merger and procurement are two particular ideas that ought to be effectively recognized from one another. Generally, procurement alludes to a situation wherein one business purchases another business substance. Albeit any business may select to converge with others, those trying to extend their business sectors and those confronting negative exposure because of their monopolistic characters, political impacts or absence of open trust are seen as bound to converge so as to make due in the serious markets (Oliver, 2004). For such an organization or a corporate association, it is b asic that powerful advertising systems, plans and battles are set up, actualized, assessed and changed in situations where they are not successful enough. It is along these lines basic that an intricate advertising plan

From Script to Screen - The Maddening World of Iago in Parkers Othello (1995) - Literature Essay Samples

From the first scene of Shakespeares play Othello, readers are aware of Iago’s plans to destroy Othello by ruining his relationship with Desdemona, creating a situation of dramatic irony. Readers are therefore conscious of the purpose behind Iago’s every action, how truly narcissistic and cruel ‘honest’ Iago really is. Shakespeare’s use of dramatic irony creates a feeling of responsibility within a reader, as we are aware of Iago’s motives but powerless to alter the events of the play. The fact the reader is in the know of Iago’s thoughts and feelings also serves to form a sort of bond between the reader and Iago, making Iago the most engaging character. Since the Oliver Parker film Othello is based upon the original play by William Shakespeare, there are not many variations in narrative. This similarity in narrative enables the film adaptation to incorporate the presence of dramatic irony in the play. Although Oliver Parker chose to re duce a considerable chunk of spoken text from the film, these areas were replaced by alternative visual representations, informing the audience of Iago’s plans without having to replicate all of Iago’s lengthy soliloquies. In this way, the director was able to incorporate elements of dramatic irony through a more visual medium. Iago is the only character throughout the play to perform multiple soliloquies directly to the reader, speaking his thoughts as if the audience were an accomplice in his scheming. This direct communication between character and audience, a breaking of the fourth wall, creates an atmosphere of involvement in the reader, almost as if the reader were a character in the plot itself. Being the only ‘character’ aware of Iago’s true intentions, the audience becomes involuntary entangled in Iago’s plot. Use of cinematography during Iago’s soliloquies serves to further draw the audience into the story.The camera is always eye level with Iago during his soliloquies, as if the audience were a character in the film sitting with Iago in that moment. The close proximity of the camera brings about an atmosphere of conspiracy, as the audience feels physically closer and therefore more involved with Iago’s plot.Fire is often present in many of Iago’s so liloquies, causing changes in lighting, creating an allusion to the devil and adding to the presence of evil. Othello contains multiple scenes full of contradiction, serving to symbolize Iago’s simultaneous playing of the roles of both a scheming devil and honest angel. â€Å"Poor and content is rich, and rich enough, but riches fineless is as poor as winter to him that ever fears he shall be poor† (IV.iv.172-174). This line spoken by Iago to Othello is a paradox itself, but also reflects the more general paradox of Iago comforting Othello after he had been the one to cause him sorrow. The effect of paradox is achieved through use of editing and cinematography in the film adaptation of Othello.At 35:54 the scene ends shortly after Iago ends his â€Å"How am I then a villain?† monologue with Iago covering the camera with his hand, causing the scene to black out. The next scene begins a few second after, with Iago lifting his hand off the camera lens, revealing the arrival of Roderigo. No sooner had Iago disclosed his plans to ruin Othello’s life does he promise Rod erigo Desdemona’s love while the audience is clearly aware he has no intention of keeping said promise, presenting a very ironic paradox. The short transition between scenes serves to demonstrate Iago’s ability to easily switch roles, leaving Iago’s confession to evil clear in the audience’s mind as he plays the part of an angel. Another paradox is through the use of cinematography, where as Othello proclaims Iago’s honesty and embraces him, the camera turns to show Iago’s facial expression of triumph and mockery. Although Iago plays the role of faithful ensign, the camera reveals to the audience the true emotions that Othello does not know. Every one of Iago’s soliloquies create an atmosphere of suspense, as the reader anticipates Iago’s actions, and waits for a character to discover and thwart his plans.A tone of suspense is also reinforced as readers are certainly aware of Iago’s plans, but not the effect this may have on the other characters in the play. A reader would constantly ask themselves whether Othello would believe Iago’s claims, whether Roderigo will reveal what he knows of Iago’s plans, whether Cassio would decide to throw away the handkerchief before Othello sees it, and so on. The use of background music and dialogue adds to the overall feeling suspense and build up of tension in the film adaptation of Othello. Intense and fast paced background music serves to excite the audience, putting them at the edge of their seat in a scene that otherwise wouldn’t have been as suspenseful. Variations in volume of dialogue demonstrates levels of tension, as loud exclamations in otherwise relatively quiet scenes serve as crisis points where tension is at its highest. Lack of music may also cause suspense, which is evident in Act IV scene i, where Othello slaps Desdemona across the face. There is no music present, as background music would distract the audience from the fluctuations in dialogue. Also, the silence adds to the rising action, exaggerating the resounding crack of Othello’s slap. The lack of background music after the slap also serves to represent the general shock of both the characters in the scene as well as the audience.

English, Nationalism, and Ngugi Language in A Grain of Wheat - Literature Essay Samples

Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s A Grain of Wheat is a Kenyan novel written in English, a language traditionally associated with colonialism and oppression in Africa. Despite the fact that the novel is written in English, Ngugi still uses language to speak to the novel’s theme of revolution by incorporating his native Gikuyu in the form of proverbs and folk songs. Additionally, the novel juxtaposes these Gikuyu proverbs with verses and parables from the Christian Bible, a medium through which missionaries spread English early in its history in Kenya. Though Ngugi wrote A Grain of Wheat in English, he manipulates and uses language in order to promote Gikuyu and Kenyan culture and to discredit English as a Kenyan language. In portraying English in a negative light in his novel, Ngugi reveals his opposition to English as a language of African literature and his larger national concerns for Kenya after its colonization and for its new status as an independent nation. In his e ssay â€Å"The Language of African Literature,† Ngugi expresses the opinion that the English language is unable to relate his African experience. Ngugi claims that every language is â€Å"a carrier of culture,† and that if African writers use English in their work they automatically promote European culture over their own (174). John Hawley notes that it is â€Å"the ‘linguae francae’ that have helped establish a ‘global village’ [that] have historically implied the subjugation of one community by another† in Africa (73). Similarly, Ngugi asserts that African writers using English represent â€Å"the final triumph of a system of domination [in that] the dominated start singing its virtues† (176); as a result, his vehement opposition to English takes on a nationalist and revolutionary outlook. For Ngugi, writing in English is a sign of â€Å"the conscious elevation of the language of the colonizer† and still bears colon ial overtones (175). This negative attitude toward English as a language of African literature, as well as Ngugi’s urges for the promotion of native African language and culture, is certainly evident in A Grain of Wheat.Despite his vehement opposition to writing in English, however, A Grain of Wheat and many of Ngugi’s early novels were written in English. John McLeod claims that Ngugi’s â€Å"use of the English language and the literary form as the means to create a distinctly national representation† is questionable in that it is a language with colonial associations (99-100). One way to interpret Ngugi’s choice of language to keep it consistent with his views on English is to note that A Grain of Wheat is a novel about betrayal. Nearly all of the characters embody the theme of betrayal in some fashion, but two characters commit acts of betrayal against the nation. The first of these is Mugo, the main character of the novel, who informs the colonial authorities as to the whereabouts of Kihika, the nationalist hero, so that they could kill him (199). The second character is Karanja, who â€Å"quickly became a trusted servant of the white people at Githima†, thereby betraying his own background and people (158). In his essay, Ngugi writes that there is â€Å"a lucrative value of being traitor to one’s immediate community† through the choice of English over African languages (â€Å"Language† 173). As a result, Ngugi’s decision to write in English and neglect his own language linguistically represents Mugo’s choice to betray his own heritage and culture. Ngugi’s relation of writing in English to a betrayal of the nation further displays his nationalist opposition to English and preference for African language.If one does not consider Ngugi’s opinions toward English, however, the fact that the novel is written in English has a different effect. The style in which Ngugi writes A Grain of Wheat, incorporating words and phrases in Gikuyu into the English text, is very representative of most African authors writing in English. McArthur notes that different â€Å"kinds of hybridization, with or without glossing† is a common feature in African fiction written in English (270). By incorporating words from an African language into his English, Ngugi, in the words of Chinua Achebe, may be â€Å"fashioning out an English†¦able to carry his personal experience† as an African (171). Similarly, Ngugi’s narrative style, which moves backward and forward in time through â€Å"flashbacks,† is also characteristic of some African novels; in contrast, the literary genre of the novel itself is, according to McLeod, European (93, 99). When viewed in this light, Ngugi’s choice of narrative structure seems to adapt European literary conventions like language, form, and style to suit his own needs as an African author. Ac cording to Ngugi, Africans writing in English fall victim to a kind of â€Å"Europeanized writing;† he, however, recognizes â€Å"his own complicity in this scheme† (Hawley 71).Another way in which Ngugi criticizes anti-nationalist betrayals is through his descriptions of Karanja’s speech interactions with the European officials for whom he works. Communication between the two races, represented by Karanja and John Thompson, appears blocked and futile. Ngugi writes:Many times Karanja had walked towards Thompson determined to ask him a direct question. Cold water lumped in his belly, his heart would thunder violently when he came near the whiteman. His determination always ended in the same way: he would salute John Thompson and then walk past as if his business lay further ahead. (38)This passage details Karanja’s inability to communicate with the Whites. Though he is â€Å"determined,† he never succeeds in verbally communicating with Thompson . Ironically, the colonial official Karanja, the character most likely to use English (a language often viewed in Kenya as â€Å"an elitist colonial remnant, a vehicle of Westernization, and a threat to local languages†) is unable to do so (McArthur 270). Rather, the only communication that he achieves is nonverbal, and is a sign of deference (his â€Å"salute†). Karanja’s deference and subservience directly contrasts Kihika’s â€Å"cult of personality† and presence against colonialist oppression (McLeod 96). By stressing the importance of personality (and criticizing Karanja’s lack of presence) in the revolutionary movements, Ngugi seems to be paralleling Kihika with figures like Jomo Kenyatta, who charismatically led resistance movements against the British: â€Å"It is less the institution than the person of the president who is able to organize the people† of Kenya (Hervà © 258). Ngugi seems to criticize Karanja’s reti cence and failure to use language at all, never mind in defense of his country, as further evidence of his anti-nationalist betrayal and negative role in the novel.In addition to displaying the rift between Whites and Blacks in Kenya in terms of communication, Ngugi also manipulates the English language to more firmly establish their differences. In referring to a member of either racial group, characters in the novel employ the terms â€Å"whiteman† and â€Å"blackman† (3). As these are not accepted words in Standard English, Ngugi uses them as nonce words throughout his novel. In creating separate nouns for black and white men, rather than using two different adjectives to modify the same noun, Ngugi suggests that some kind of fundamental difference exists between the two groups of people. Karanja specifically states that the members of the Kenyan bourgeoisie had become â€Å"true Europeans but for the black skin† (89). On one hand, this difference may re present the vehement resentment felt by the Kenyan people towards Europeans; on the other hand, the use of different terms to describe each group of people supports the revolutionary cause for independence in that it supports the notion that the Kenyan â€Å"blackmen,† who are so different from the European â€Å"whitemen,† ought to have their own, separate, sovereign nation.Ngugi also manipulates language in A Grain of Wheat through his inclusion of several words in Gikuyu. Though Ngugi could have translated these words, he leaves them in his African language. Two of the Gikuyu words that he frequently employs are â€Å"Uhuru† and â€Å"Mau Mau.† â€Å"Uhuru† is a word meaning â€Å"independence,† and specifically refers to Kenyan independence in 1963. The fact that the novel is set in 1963 puts the concept of Uhuru at the forefront of its concerns. In choosing to keep â€Å"Uhuru† in Gikuyu instead of translating it into Englis h, Ngugi suggests that Kenyan independence frees the country from the ties of colonialism. If he had chosen to translate â€Å"Uhuru† into â€Å"independence,† Ngugi would have been perpetrating the â€Å"domination of the mental universe of the colonized† embodied in the English language (â€Å"Language† 175). At one point in the novel Ngugi also employs â€Å"Uhuru† as a greeting and farewell; the use of the word in this light shows the concept of independence to be a major concern of the characters of the novel, A Grain of Wheat itself, and the nation of Kenya as a whole (63). Similarly, the â€Å"Mau Mau† movement is the Gikuyu name for the Kenyan guerrilla resistance movement (55); in keeping this word in Gikuyu, Ngugi linguistically embodies their resistance to the colonizers and to the English language. Ngugi may also have chosen to include these Gikuyu words to elicit an emotional response, as well: in writing in Gikuyu for a pot entially African audience, he transforms reading from â€Å"a cerebral activity† to â€Å"an emotionally felt experience† (175).In addition to these individual Gikuyu terms, Ngugi incorporates cultural artifacts like songs and proverbs into his English text. One of these is â€Å"Uhuru bado! or Let us carve Kenya into small pieces,† a revolutionary song of the Movement (69). The inclusion of this song supports Ngugi’s anti-colonial outlook not only because it is in Gikuyu, but also because its message is for tribal pride and independence. Though the dividing up of the nation may not seem to fit with Ngugi’s sense of Kenyan nationalism, it makes sense in the context of his larger argument against colonial domination: because the colony of Kenya, made up of seven different ethnic and linguistic groups, was first united by the British colonizers, rebelling against that very unity is another way to resist colonialism (McArthur 282). In addition to this song about independence, Ngugi also includes a â€Å"new song† in Gikuyu, written by Kihika that also addresses revolutionary concerns: Gikuyu na Mumbi, Gikuyu na Mumbi, Gikuyu na Mumbi, Nikihui ngwatiro. (79)While the text of the song is in Gikuyu, the song lyrics reference Gikuyu, the language, itself; the song lyrics also make extensive reference to Mumbi, the female character in the novel symbolically regarded as â€Å"an allegorical mother-figure of the Kenyan nation† (McLeod 98). This song then, written by Kihika in Gikuyu and making explicit reference to the language and heritage of Kenya, comes to embody all aspects of the Kenyan nationalist and independence movement. The song also suggests the link between heritage and language, embodied by Ngugi in his essay on language and also by Hawley, when he asserts that â€Å"the post-colonial drive towards identity centers around language† (73).However, in addition to his songs in Gikuyu about indepe ndence, Ngugi also incorporates revolutionary songs in English. One such song is: We shall never rest Without land Without Freedom true Kenya is a country of black people. (21)Though this song represents Kenya’s zeal for independence, it places all of its emphasis on the revolutionary struggle. The notion that the people will â€Å"never rest† and that they are â€Å"without land† and â€Å"without freedom† highlights Kenya’s status as a colony; though the song expresses a desire for independence, Uhuru has not yet come. The song’s English lyrics perhaps speak to the continued oppression experienced by the people in the song: the English lyrics associated with the subjugation of Kenya may represent the English colonial government. Similarly, the final line calls attention to the people’s â€Å"blackness,† just as Karanja does when he notes that the only thing holding Kenyans back from being â€Å"true Europeans† and controlling their own nation is their â€Å"black skin† (89). Ngugi’s use of English in this folk song calls attention to the oppression of the people at the hands of the English colonizers.In addition to these songs in both English and Gikuyu, Kihika also relates another piece of African text in Swahili: â€Å"‘Watch ye and pray,’ Kihika said, calling on his audience to remember the great Swahili proverb: Kikulacho Kimo nguoni mwako† (15). McLeod also notes that â€Å"this incident is typical of how Kihika inspires the people by drawing upon both ancestral learning and the knowledge gained from his colonial schooling† (95); Kihika parallels his own African culture with that of the colonizers to undermine and subvert their message in a revolutionary way. Because â€Å"watch ye and pray† is a message of hope, Ngugi’s relation of this saying to a proverb in Swahili reinforces Kenya’s hope for sovereignty and politica l, cultural, and linguistic independence.The idea that Kihika parallels a Christian maxim with a Swahili one is a motif that recurs throughout the novel. At several points, Kihika uses language from the Bible in English, but subverts the messages to have revolutionary significance. Ngugi makes it clear that the Christian Bible was certainly a means to elevate English over African languages and culture, especially in elementary schools: What was the colonial system doing to us Kenyan children? What were the consequences of, on the one hand, this systematic suppression of our languages†¦and on the other the elevation of English and the literature it carried? (173)Kihika’s education under the colonial schools exemplifies this de-valuing of African language and culture in favor of Christian religious education, and by extension, education in English culture and language. Carol Sichermann notes that Ngugi attempted to find â€Å"a doctrine to replace the Christian-imperi al model that was inculcated† during his years of schooling, and found it in nationalism (13); it is not surprising that Ngugi also discredits Christianity in favor of nationalist views in his fiction, as well. Ngugi recounts Kihika’s resistance to European interpretations of the Bible presented to Kenyan children: in response to the statement made by his teacher that the circumcision of women is â€Å"a heathen custom† and â€Å"As Christians we are forbidden to carry on such practices,† Kihika notes that â€Å"It is just the white people say so. The Bible does not talk about circumcising women† (85-6). This scene is not only an instance of Kihika resisting â€Å"the domination of the mental universe of the colonized,† but also establishes a motif of biblical re-interpretations that permeate the novel.In his juxtaposition of these European biblical proverbs with African sayings in Swahili and Gikuyu, Ngugi suggests that they share similar ities. At several points in the novel, Kihika references the Christian Bible in order to strengthen his appeal for nationalism. As John McLeod notes,Kihika’s knowledge of the Bible is used to resist the colonial teaching he is exposed to. The Bible was one of the chief resources that Christian missionaries used to condemn indigenous African religious practices. [†¦] He transforms the tool of the oppressors into the weapon of the oppressed. (95)Ngugi’s inclusion of numerous Biblical passages to promote nationalism is also linguistically significant, in that the Bible was a tool used by missionaries not only to gain converts, but also to teach English (and, in many cases, to teach English so that African converts might be able to read the Bible). Though the Christian Bible, a means of oppression and disenfranchisement for African language and culture, would not seem to support Ngugi’s revolutionary opinions on colonization, Kihika manipulates and subverts biblical verses, and consequently the colonialist power structure, so that they actually support his cause for Kenyan independence.Ngugi, through the character Kihika, references specific biblical passages and, altering the context of the passages rather than their language, uses them to inspire the independence movement. Between the larger sections of the novel, Ngugi places biblical verses with a note that they are â€Å"underlined in red in Kihika’s Bible† (129). One of the main biblical stories that Kihika references is the parable from which the book draws its title: that which concerns â€Å"the corn of wheat [that] falls to the ground and dies,† and as a result, â€Å"it bringeth forth much fruit† (201). Though this story is Western in origin, it comes to represent Kihika’s betrayal and death for Uhuru and the sovereignty of the nation. Peter Nazareth takes a Marxist view of this biblical allusion, stating that the reference to â€Å"a grain of wheat† and farming suggest that the â€Å"way out [of colonial domination] is a peasant revolution† (90). Furthermore, the notion that the book’s title comes from a Bible verse furthers Ngugi’s, as well as Kihika’s, campaign for nationalism and independence. Ngugi attaches Kenyan revolutionary significance to this Bible verse through his novel, just as through his character Kihika.Kihika uses several verses from Exodus in a revolutionary and subversive way, as well. Most notably, he employs passages describing â€Å"the affliction of [God’s] people in Egypt and Moses’ command to Pharaoh to â€Å"let my people go† (129, 31). In including these passages in A Grain of Wheat, Ngugi parallels the plight of the colonized people with that of the Israelites in Egypt, again lending a revolutionary interpretation to a traditional tool of colonial oppression. In this way, biblical stories that are uniquely European come to represent Kenyan nationalism and thereby subvert the colonialist worldview of the British, by whom the Bible was first brought to Kenya as a tool for oppression.Though Ngugi employs biblical proverb and language often without altering it, he also includes Christian maxims whose language has been altered by Kihika to more fully suit the revolutionary goals of the Movement. One of these is found in a conversation between Mugo and Kihika:We only hit back. You are struck on the left cheek. You turn the right cheek. One, two, three—sixty years. Then suddenly, it is always sudden, you say: I am not turning the other cheek any more. Your back to the wall, you strike back. (191)In this passage, Kihika takes the language of the â€Å"turn the other cheek† adage in Christian philosophy and literature and adapts it to suit the purposes of the revolution. In his version of this Bible verse, Kihika emphasizes the tyranny against which the revolutionaries in the book fight, a nd how desperate they are in that they â€Å"suddenly† decide to retaliate; he notes that Kenya has been the subject of abuse for â€Å"sixty years.† In his adaptation, Kihika emphasizes that the revolutionaries who â€Å"strike back† are justified in their actions. Kihika’s adaptation of this well-known Bible verse provides validation for the Mau Mau revolution and Kenyan resistance to British rule, portraying it as a defensive, rather than offensive, war.Ngugi also manipulates another doctrine of Christianity to transform it from a tool of the oppressors to a tool of the oppressed. Kihika states:[Christ] failed because his death did not change anything. [†¦] I am Christ. Everybody who takes the Oath of Unity to change things in Kenya is a Christ. Christ then is not one person. All those who take up the cross of liberating Kenya are the true Christs for us Kenyan people. (95)In addition to perpetuating McLeod’s notion that Kihika has a larger-than-life personality, this passage also ties Kihika’s Christianity to nationalism. As John Hawley cites, Ngugi and other African authors â€Å"replace the European Christian story, which they associate with the religious and cultural subjugation Foucault observed, with an indigenized or hybridized Christianity aligned with liberation and justice† (69); Ngugi’s manipulation of the Christ story is certainly an example of this. The idea that one becomes a â€Å"Christ figure† according to his or her involvement in the Kenyan nationalist movement is certainly far-flung from the original Christian idea, indicating the extent to which Ngugi altered the language and gist of the Bible (96). Similarly, the notion that â€Å"all those† people who fight for liberation can assume the status of Christ perhaps authenticates Peter Nazareth’s Marxist reading of A Grain of Wheat as a novel emphasizing the collective and national unity.Another way in which Ngugi promotes Kenyan culture and language through Christianity is through a direct comparison of European and Kenyan cultures. General R, a member of the revolutionary Movement, states, â€Å"Let me first of all tell you that I never prayed to God. I never believed in him. I believe in Gikuyu and Mumbi and in the black people of this our country† (153). In this speech, the General suggests that his own heritage and language eclipse the importance of God (specifically the Christian God, in that Ngugi does not refer to God by an African name), and by extension, British culture. His specific reference to both Gikuyu and the people of his nation supports Ngugi’s claim that language informs heritage and vice versa, and that â€Å"colonial language [is] a carrier of culture† (â€Å"Language† 176). Additionally, the notion that â€Å"Mumbi† (the symbolic â€Å"mother† of Kenya) is again juxtaposed with â€Å"Gikuyu,† just as in the earlier song written by Kihika, further solidifies their relationship and the symbolic relationship between language and heritage.Ngugi also makes another specific reference to language that reveals his attitudes toward language and revolution. After leaving school, Kihika â€Å"read more; he even taught himself to read and write Swahili and English† (87). His newfound linguistic knowledge allows him to assume a leading role in the Movement. This passage reveals that English is a language of privilege in Kenya, historically because of its association with the colonial power structure. However, like his use of Christianity, Kihika takes his knowledge of English and subverts it, using it against the colonizers as part of the Movement and a â€Å"new vision† for Kenya (87). It is also significant that Kihika learns both English and Swahili in that, after Kenya achieved independence in 1963, these became the two official languages of the nation. By having him learn the two languages that would define the Kenya after independence was achieved, Ngugi ties Kihika’s character to the very idea of Uhuru and Kenyan sovereignty.In his novel A Grain of Wheat, Ngugi wa Thiong’o uses both English and African languages to promote the revolutionary Movement that fought for independence in Kenya. Though English is a language with colonial overtones in Africa, Ngugi uses the negativity associated with English to parallel the theme of betrayal that runs through the novel. In addition to using English, Ngugi also employs African languages, in his native Gikuyu and Swahili, through folk songs and proverbs. By incorporating these traditional aspects of African culture in their original languages, Ngugi reinforces his observation that language is a â€Å"carrier of culture† (174). By discrediting European language and culture in A Grain of Wheat, Ngugi promotes the language and culture of the Kenyan people, and as a result furthers Kihika’s cause in the novel for Kenyan sovereignty and independence.